Facts About the Ambulocetus Prehistoric Whale

Ambulocetus dates from the early Eocene epoch, about 50 million years ago, when the ancestors of modern whales were literally just dipping their toes into the water: this long, slender, otter-like mammal was built for an amphibious lifestyle, with webbed, padded feet and a narrow, crocodile-like snout. Name: Ambulocetus (Greek for walking whale); pronounced AM-byoo-low-SEE-tussHabitat: Shores of the Indian subcontinentHistorical Epoch: Early Eocene (50 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 500 poundsDiet:Â  Fish and crustaceansDistinguishing Characteristics: Webbed feet; narrow snout; internal rather than external ears Oddly, an analysis of Ambulocetus fossilized teeth shows that this walking whale thrived in both fresh and saltwater lakes, oceans and rivers, a characteristic shared only with a single modern-day crocodile hailing from Australia (and no identified whales or pinnipeds). Given its slim, unprepossessing appearance--no more than 10 feet long and 500 pounds dripping wet-- how do paleontologists know that Ambulocetus was ancestral to whales? For one thing, the tiny bones in this mammals inner ears were similar to those of modern cetaceans, as was its ability to swallow underwater (an important adaptation given its fish-eating diet) and its whale-like teeth. That, plus the similarity of Ambulocetus to other identified whale ancestors like Pakicetus and Protocetus, pretty much seals the cetacean deal, though creationists and anti-evolutionists will always continue to doubt the missing link status of this walking whale, and its kinship to more recent beasts like the truly enormous Leviathan. One of the odd things about Ambulocetus, and its above-mentioned relatives is that the fossils of these ancestral whales have been discovered in modern-day Pakistan and India, countries otherwise not well known for their abundance of prehistoric megafauna. On the one hand, its possible that whales can trace their ultimate ancestry to the Indian subcontinent; on the other, its also possible that the conditions here were particularly ripe for fossilization and preservation, and early cetaceans had more of a worldwide distribution during the Eocene epoch.

Analysis Of Candide s Search For His Love - 1389 Words

Travelling plays a significant role within this novel as the whole story is encapsulated by the protagonist, Candide’s, search for his love, Cunà ©gonde. Due to the episodic nature of the novella, Voltaire is able to put Candide in many different situations, which, in turn, allow him to successfully satirise the main ideology proposed at the start. Furthermore, as Candide travels across the world, we begin to see a mental maturation in the character. At the beginning of the novella Candide is clearly susceptible to the teachings of his mentor, Pangloss, however, due to the hardships he faces through his travels, he begins to start thinking for himself and develop his own philosophy. The main purpose of the travelling throughout the novella†¦show more content†¦Although these events do little to benefit Candide or the people around him, both he and Pangloss continue to justify them, however, these justifications become more and more farcical, especially when Pangloss tries to claim that syphilis is a ‘necessary ingredient’ within the best of all possible worlds for the luxuries of chocolate and cochineal. The exaggerated tone Voltaire uses in this justification adds and ironic sting and emphasises that, even though some people are oblivious to it, these tragedies clearly serve no greater good within the real world. Furthermore, after Candide and Cunà ©gonde escape from Bordeaux to Buenos Aires, despite the fact that they are both in love, the old woman convinces Cunà ©gonde to marry the governor because she has ‘seventy two years of nobility but not one penny’. Once again Voltaire is using irony to highlight that even the thin g that we perceive to be most pure, love, is corruptible, which couldn’t possibly be the case in a perfect world. Candide’s travels are necessary within the novella for Voltaire to be able to satirise the theory of optimism because they show that life in the real world is nothing like the life in Westphalia and cause both Pangloss and Candide to come up with justifications for the horrors they endured which clearly hold no weight behind them. As Candide

Australia is physically and culturally unique Free Essays

Australia’s multicultural attitude respects all cultures and races. Australia’s government is amazing because it was federated and democratic. Its climate varies throughout Australia because of its size. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia is physically and culturally unique or any similar topic only for you Order Now Australia is a truly fascinating continent/country/island. Its uniqueness is due to its flora with its many different plants. Its fauna and its many creatures only found in Australia. Australia’s lifestyle is also sought after because it can’t be found anywhere else. Also it landscape is almost unpredictable and also classifies Australia as a continent, country, and island. Its final asset is its development and technology, since Australia is a major contributor to medical studies and are leaders in sports technology. Now that you know briefly why Australia is unique, the rest of this report will elaborate further on them. Australia has a unique climate. It sits in many climate zones because of its large size. These zones include tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, and sub-temperate. Most of Australia has four seasons, summer, autumn, winter, and spring, in other places it is two seasons and they are the wet and dry seasons. From blistering hot temperatures in Darwin to below zero temperatures in Hobart, Australia’s climate is one of many things that make Australia unique. Next in line is Australia’s landscape. Australia has many different terrains from forests to deserts and this is also because of its large size. The edge of Australia is mostly green except for the western coast; the rest of Australia is mainly dry and arid. Australia’s shape, size, and location also make it a continent, country, and also an island. The flora in Australia is truly amazing. Australia has a wide range of flora, like bottle brushes, waratahs, and eucalyptus trees. All the plants mentioned are unique to Australia, with many more that haven’t been mentioned. These plants are also important to Australia’s fauna for habitat and food. These plants also make Australia a colourful and beautiful place. As mentioned in the above paragraph, Australian fauna is important to Australia. The creatures unique to Australia are the kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, emus, koalas, kookaburras, etc. If u look on the Australian emblem u should see two animals unique to Australia, the emu and the kangaroo. Australian lifestyle is well sought after. It is sought after because of the easy going, laid back nature of all Australians. Everyone seems to be happy and enjoying life while in America everyone is stressed and working very hard. The Australian lifestyle also involves the great outdoors. The dominant male is at the BBQ cooking shrimp and steak holding a VB while a game of cricket is going on in the background. These points make the Australian lifestyle favourable. The reason the Australian lifestyle is as it is now is because of its government. Australia originally had 6 colonies until it was federated in 1900. Since then Australia has improved and has learnt from past mistakes. The Australian government makes sure that all cultures and races are accepted as equals, which makes it a multicultural government. This brings us to the next point, multiculturalism. Australia is unique because it is one of the few countries where all cultures and races are respected for who they are and treated as equals. This makes Australia an ideal country to travel to for non-white people because it guarantees that they would be treated fairly while in this country. Australia is pretty significant when it comes to development and technology. Australia are major contributors to medical research especially in the cancer research section. Australians are also leaders in sports technology, mainly to do with rugby, cricket, and AFL. This makes Australia ideal for people interested in sports and cancer research. The following reasons above make me strongly believe that Australia is a unique country. To live in this amazing country is a privilege and should be respected because of it is a one of a kind country, and is confirmed in the above paragraphs. How to cite Australia is physically and culturally unique, Papers

My biggest gripe Essay Example For Students

My biggest gripe Essay The Dumb FarmWe have all encountered someone dumb in our lives, and most likely, it has been more than one person. Everyday I meet someone who is completely oblivious to what is happening, or someone who speaks out loud before they think about what they are going to say. Yes, at times we all have our dumb moments, but some people live life being dumb. For example, students that raise their hands every five minutes and make obnoxious comments or ask questions that have just been answered. The people who, during every passing period, abruptly stop in the middle of a crowded hallway and talk with six of their friends right in front of the door. People who go up to the most crowded, most popular movie theatre in town and try to pay with a credit card when they know the theatre has accepted only cash for the last four years, then try to tell the ticket seller they paid with a credit card last time. Lunch ladies who are incapable of calculating five dollars minus one dollar, or, who quite frankly cannot count at all. People who get on your every last nerve all the time, and are to dumb to notice. These are all examples of people who are dumb, and the sad part: we have to live with people like this every day. The good news is that I have come up with a solution. First, a test is taken once every year to determine exactly how dumb you are. The test will measure common sense, social skills, and overall knowledge. A failing grade in any one of these categories will result in the second part of the solution: departure. A desolate spot in the world will be reserved for test failures, for now we will refer to this place as the dumb farm. Anyway, this is where they will live forever so they can breed with people equally dumb as themselves. This way, a smart person will not have the opportunity to breed with someone dumb and the chances of having dumb children in our world will lessen. The dumb farm will be exactly like our civilization, except that the dumb people will run it. They will have the jobs, they will make the rules, and maybe some smart people could help them get started. Schools wouldnt work because no one would be qualified to teach, but realistically, there was probably no hope for these children anyway. I bet you are wondering who will determine what dumb means, and how we will keep the dumb farm from becoming overpopulated. Well, smart people will determine dumb. We would first have to find a way to establish a few smart people, that way they can administer the first test. We are guessing that the people in the dumb farm will have offspring (these children can take the test if they wish, to see if they are smart) and eventually, after a few generations of dumb people, they might become too dumbto breed. Sooner or later they will, and then they will all be gone. So, in conclusion, we want the dumb people to die off. At first, this may seem harsh, but the results will be worth it. Smart people will be able to live life every day without feeling astonished from witnessing stupidity. This process would be the beginning to a more advanced society. We wouldnt have to spend our time feeling sorry for the less fortunate. Honestly, stress in the smart people would m inimize, and this too would better our educated world. We wont have to yell profanities while we drive, or get mad because, while in the grocery line, the person behind us has hit us with their cart at least five times in two minutes. This could be the beginning of world peace, and it can all start with the departure of a few dumb people.

What Does It Mean To Be Born Again Religion Essay Essay Example

What Does It Mean To Be Born Again Religion Essay Essay The intent of this paper is to reply the inquiry which stated What does it intend to be born once more harmonizing to the book of John 3:3. For us to understand scriptural term it is really of import to cognize that there are Two Births . The First birth which is the physical birth that is when you are born in this universe from your parent. So when bible speaks of being Born of Water it is speaking about the physical birth and non baptism. The Second births is a religious birth, which is the subject we are traveling to discourse.[ 1 ]The primary purpose of being born once more is to do Eden at terminal of the life. Definition of Born once more We will write a custom essay sample on What Does It Mean To Be Born Again Religion Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Does It Mean To Be Born Again Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Does It Mean To Be Born Again Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Born once more is a secret act of God which enable us to a new religious life in us. This besides can be called Regeneration. In the work of born once more we play no active function at all alternatively it is the whole work of God.[ 2 ].[ 3 ]The word regeneration used twice in the New Testament ( Mathew 19:28, Titus 3:5 ) , means to be born once more. To be born from above appear in John 3:3 and likely includes the thought of being born once more. It is the work of God that gives new life those who believes.[ 4 ]J.I Martin besides confirms this point.[ 5 ]Furthermore the fact that we are non taking active portion in regeneration is besides apparent when bible respects it as being born or being once more . We did non take to be made alive physically and we did non take to be born either it is something that happen to us spiritually.[ 6 ] Regeneration is besides religious Renewal or resurrection the beginning of a new life. The evildoer is regenerated and he go a new animal and Born once more.[ 7 ] II Born Again in Baptism The chief cardinal mention of being born once more in John 3:5, where Jesus says Truly, genuinely, I say unto you, unless one is born of H2O and the spirit, he can non come in the land of God . This chapter is critical to those who claim that baptism is merely a symbol, must cognize that Jesus is mentioning to baptism as Born once more. Born once more Christian claim that H2O baptism is mere preached word of God but the early Christian jointly agreed this chapter as H2O baptism.[ 8 ] Are Catholic Born once more The two denominations Catholic and Protestant agreed that for person to be saved you have to be born once more. Catholic refers bible verse John3:3 as the grace God transformed during the baptism. But the Protestant average something different when you talk of Born once more. For a Protestant to be born once more usually go on when he goes to crusader or revival a curate will present a discourse and inquire those who want to give their lives to Lord Jesus. If you believe that he died for your wickednesss, you will be born once more say the sermonizer. So the sermonizer will take determination for Jesus at the communion table and those who prayed the evildoer supplication are saved and become born once more.[ 9 ] More facts from other beginning stated that Catholic respect baptism as being born once more. It stated that baptism is the sacrament by which we are born once more of H2O and the Holy Ghost. Anglicanism, Eastern Christianity, Lutheranism among other Christian tradition held the same belief.[ 10 ] What Does Born Again Christian Mean? The Bible state us to be a Christian we must be born once more. Bing born into this universe is our first and has no option in that issue. Furthermore, God has given us pick of holding 2nd birth to hold new life in us and besides be born once more. This happens when some surrender his/her iniquitous manner and inquire for forgiveness and get down new life the individual go a new creative activity in Christ Jesus.[ 11 ]For more elucidation born once more literally means born from above. Nicodemus had a existent demand he wants his bosom to be changed or transformed spiritually. New-birth, being born once more is an act of God whereby everlasting life is given to the individual who believes ( 2 corinthians5:17 ; Titus3:5 ) . This indicates that Born once more carries the thought of go the kids of God for those who trust in the name of Jesus Christ.[ 12 ] Nicodemus and Rebirth From Above Jesus inquiry Nicodemus I have spoken to you on earthly things and you did non believe, how so will you believe me if I speak of celestial things .[ 13 ]Nicodemus is the 1 of the Judaic council who chooses to travel to Jesus unnoticed at dark subsequently comes out openly on the side of Christ. Verse 3 of the John chapter invariably used to come in the land of God as cardinal new beginning.[ 14 ]The important of the interview between Jesus and Nicodemus is increased because he was a member of the Judaic Sanhedrin such a individual would hold been good familiar with the Judaic instruction and would hold understood the mention point Jesus made. It might be to avoid promotion that made him to see Jesus at dark. On the other manus the remark may be symbolical associating to Nicodemus religious life.[ 15 ]The word of Jesus to Nicodemus refering the demand to be born of the spirit every bit good as Born of the fresh is parallel to John1:13. The whole construct expressed regeneration whic h assumes the action of God.[ 16 ]It is really of import at this junction to cognize the peculiar characteristic of the acquisition in toilet s Gospel, which has a bearing on the on subject of new life. When Jesus informed Nicodemus that he must be born once more in a religious sense the significance was non understood foremost.[ 17 ]God saved us non because of righteous things we had done, but because of his clemency. He saved us through the lavation of metempsychosis and reclamation by the Holy Spirit.[ 18 ] The map of the spirit in Christian regeneration Unless one is born of H2O and spirit, he can non come in the land of God ( John3:5 ) . We do nt hold to discourse the significance of H2O whether it refers to physical birth or baptism alternatively our concern should be the birth by the spirit.[ 19 ]The of import of regeneration grows out of the ability of the natural adult male to see or come in the land of God. The new birth is non reformation of the old nature but a originative act of the Holy Spirit for the status of the new birth is faith in Christ been crucified.[ 20 ]A individual is a born once more as a consequence of personal committedness to God through the Holy Spirit. Jesus told Nicodemus no 1 can hold ageless life unless he is born of H2O and spirit the H2O is refer as baptism. Baptism can be seen as of import in the enigma of regeneration.[ 21 ]Eugene H. Peterson besides confirms this point.[ 22 ]Finally it was written clearly in the bible in John3:3 that except a adult male is born once more he can non come in the lan d of God and in 3:5 except a adult male are born of H2O and of the spirit, he can non come in into the land of God.[ 23 ]Born once more is non being church rank, H2O baptism or seeking to make better, it is holding Christ unrecorded interior.[ 24 ] Decision We have seen what it means to be born once more as a Christian we must give up wholly and be born once more so that we can do Eden at terminal of the life. For the Lord has laid down two conditions for a individual to come in the land of God, without being fulfilled you are non measure up to come in the land of God. Remember when Christ was talking of being born of H2O he was non mentioning to H2O baptism in any manner.[ 25 ]

Documentation And Informatics Essay Example

Documentation And Informatics Essay Example Documentation And Informatics Essay Documentation And Informatics Essay A factual record contains descriptive, objective Information about what a nurse sees, hears, feels, and smells. . An accurate record uses exact measurements, notations concise data, contains only approved abbreviations, uses correct spelling, and Identifies the date and caregiver. C. A complete record contains all appropriate and essential information. D. Current records contain timely entries with immediate documentation of information as it is collected from the patient. E. Organized records communicate information in a logical order. 3. Describe methods for multidisciplinary communication within the health care system Case management model of delivering care incorporates an interdisciplinary approach to documenting patient care and critical pathways are interdisciplinary are plans that include patient problems, key Interventions, and expected outcomes within an established time frame unexpected outcomes, unmet goals, and interventions not specified within the critical pathways time frame are called variances Ex: when a patient develops pulmonary complications after surgery, requiring oxygen therapy and monitoring with pulse geometry. A positive variance occurs when a patient progresses more rapidly than expected (use of Foley catheter is discontinued a day early) 4. Identify common record-keeping forms. (See Section Below: Page 8) Most charts will Include (Extra Notes): Patient Identification and demographic data Informed consent for treatment and procedure Admission data Nursing diagnosis or problems and nursing or interdisciplinary care plan Record of Medical history Medical diagnosis Therapeutic orders Medical and health discipline progress notes Physical assessment findings Diagnostic study results Patient education Summary of operative procedures Discharge plan and summary CHI. 6 Lecture Notes Documentation is anything written or printed on which you rely as record or proof of patient actions and activities Information in the patient record provides a detailed account of the level of quality of care delivered to patients. The quality of care, the standards of regulatory agencies and nursing practice, the reimbursement structure in the healthcare system, and legal guidelines make documentation and reporting extremely important responsibilities of a nurse. Whether the transfer of a patient info occurs through verbal reports, written documents, or electronically, you need to follow basic principles to maintain confidentiality of information Confidentiality Nurses are legally and ethically obligated to keep information about patients influential Only staffs that are directly involved in a patients care have legitimate access to records. In most cases, patients are required to give written permission for release of medical information. HIPPO Governs all areas of patient info and management of that information. To eliminate barriers that can delay access to care: providers must notify patients of their privacy policy and make a reasonable effort to obtain written acknowledgement of this notification. Disclosure must be limited to the min necessary EX. If you need a patients home number to reschedule an appointment, access to the deiced record is limited solely to the telephone number. As a nursing student you must abide to the HIPPO standards of confidentiality and compliance and NEVER share information about patients with classmates or look into medical information about other patients. Standards Standards of documentations differ within a healthcare organization. Institutional standards or policies dictate the frequency of documentation. Ex. How often you record a nursing assessment or a patients level of pain. Patients records can be used as evidence in a court of law if standards of care are not met The National Committee of Quality Assurance and The Joint Commission maintain institutional accreditation and minimize liability. Current documentation standard require that all patients admitted to a health care facility have an assessment of physical, psychosocial, environmental, self-care, patient education, knowledge level, and discharge planning. Also, evidence of patient and family teaching and discharge planning. Interdisciplinary Communication within the Healthcare Team Patient care requires effective communication among members of the healthcare information relevant to his or her health care. Reports are given oral, written, or audiotape exchanges of information among caregivers. Common reports given by nurses: change-of-shift reports, telephone reports, hand off reports, and incident reports. Ex. Healthcare provider calls nurses to get a verbal report to receive patients conditions. Laboratory submits a written report for results of diagnostic test and verbally notifies nurse if results are critical. Forms of communication Discharge planning conference: involves all members of all disciplines who meet and discuss patient progress towards discharge goals. Consultations: one reflections caregiver gives formal advice about the care of a patient to another caregiver Ex: a nurse caring for a patent with a chronic wound consults with a wound care specialist Referrals: arrangement for services by another care provider. Purposes of Records Communication Patients records are useful for healthcare team members to communicate patients needs and progress, individual therapies, content of consultations, patient education, and discharge planning. They also allow healthcare team member to know a patient thoroughly, facilitating safe, effective and timely patient-centered decisions. Legal accumulation To limit nursing liability documentation must indicate clearly that a patient received individualized, goal-directed nursing care based on the nursing assessment. Common charting mistakes: writing illegibly or incomplete, failure to record pertinent health or drug information, failure to record nursing actions, failure to record that medications have been given, failure to document discontinued medications. Dress are classifications based on patients medical diagnosis Your documentation clarifies the type of treatment a patient receives and supports reimbursement to the health care agency Education Patients records includes many information such as diagnosis, signs and symptoms of a disease, successful and unsuccessful therapies, diagnostic finding, and patient behavior which is why all nurses should read their patients record. With this information and past experience you can learn to anticipate the type of care required for a patient. Research Nurse researchers often use patients records for research studies Also use to investigate nursing interventions or health problems. Ex. A nurse wants to compare a new method of pain control with a standard pain protocol using two groups of patients. Auditing and Monitoring ETC require quality improvement programs and set standards for the information located in a patients record. Guidelines for Quality Documentation and Reporting Factual Descriptive, objective information about what the nurse sees, hears, feels and smells. Ex: B/P 80/50, patient diaphragmatic, heart rate 102 and regular and the patients pulse rate is elevated 110 beats/min, and the patient reports increased restlessness. Accurate Use of exact measurements establishes accuracy to determine if a patients condition drainage, or edema All entries in medical records must be dated and end with the receivers name or initials and status (ex: J. Woods, RAN). Complete The information within recorded entry or report must be complete, containing appropriate and essential information Use flow sheets or graphic records when documenting routine activities such as daily hygiene care, vital signs, and patient assessment. Describe in greater detail when they are relevant such as when a change in functional ability or status occurs. Current Timely entries are essential ongoing care. Delays in documentation lead to unsafe patient care. Document the following activities or finding at the time of occurrence: ITIL signs, pain assessment, administration of medications and treatments, preps for diagnostic testing, admission, transfer, discharge or death of patient etc. USE MILITARY TIME Organized Communication information in a logical order. It is also effective when notes are concise, clear, and to the point. Ex: an organized entry describes the patients pain, your assessment and interventions, and the patients response. Methods of Documentation Paper and Electronic Health Records Paper records are episode oriented, with a separate record for each patient visit to a health care agency. EMMER (ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD): contains patients data gathered in a healthcare setting at a specific time and place ERR (ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD): an electronic record of patient health information generated whenever a patient accesses medical care in any healthcare delivery setting It integrates all pertinent patient information into one record; regardless of the number of times a patient enters a healthcare system. In hospital setting it gathers data and performs checks to support regulatory and accreditation requirements and includes tools to guide and critique medication administration Key advantage for urging: provides a means to compare ongoing clinical data about a patient with original baseline information and maintaining ongoing record of a patients health education. Narrative Documentation (the traditional method) Use of a story like format to document information specific to patient conditions and nursing care. Disadvantages: tend to be repetitious and time consuming Problem Oriented Medical Records Method of documentation that emphasized patients problems. Data are organized by problem or diagnosis. SECTIONS INCLUDE: database, problem list, care plan and progress notes Database: notations all available assessment information pertaining to a patient The foundation for identifying patient problems and planning care Problem list After analysis of data, HECK identify problems and make a single problem list (physiological, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual, developmental, and environmental needs) List the problems in chronological order and when a problem is resolved, record the data and highlight it or draw line through the problem or its number. Care plan Disciplines involved in the patients care develop a care plan or plan of care for each Progress Notes: monitor and record the progress of patients problems. SOAP: Subjective Data (fertilization of the patient) Objective data (that which is measured and observed) Assessment (diagnosis based on the data) Plan (what the caregivers plan to do) or COPIES where Intervention and Evaluation. The nurse numbers each SOAP note and titles it according to the problem on the list Originated from medical records PIE: Problem Intervention Evaluation Nursing origin The narrative does not include assessment information (appears on the flow sheet) Notes are numbered of labeled according to the patients problems. Focus Charting: DARK: Data (problem) Action (intervention) Response (evaluation) Addresses patients concern: signs/symptoms, condition, nursing diagnosis, behavior, significant event or change in patients condition. Incorporates all aspects of the nursing process, highlights a patients concerns, and can be integrated into any clinical setting. Source Records or charts A place in a patients chart that has separate sections for each discipline (I. E. Nursing, medicine, social work, or respiratory data) to record data The method by which source records are organized does not show how information from the disciplines re related or how care is coordinated to meet all of the patients needs Charting by Exception Focuses on documenting deviations from established norms. Reduces documentation time and highlights trends or changes in a patients conditions. Nurses only document significant finding or exceptions to the predefined norms and writes a progress note only when the standardized statement on the form is not met Assumption: all standards are met unless otherwise documented. Case management plan and critical pathways (described above) Common Record Keeping Forms Admission Nursing History Forms: nurses complete a history form when a patient is admitted too nursing unit. Guides the Nurse through a complete assessment to identify relevant nursing diagnoses or problems Flow Sheets and Graphic Records: allow you to quickly and easily enter assessment data about a patient (including vitals signs, routine repetitive care such as hygiene measures, ambulation, meals, weights and safety and restraint checks. Provide current patient information that is accessible to all HECK Helps team members quickly see patient trends over time and decrease time spent on writing narrative notes. Patient Care Summary or Carded: computerized systems that provide information in the form of a patient care marry that is often printed for each patient during each shift. Carded: a portable flip over file or notebook that is kept at the nurses station Includes an activity and treatment section and a nursing care plan section that organizes information for quick references. Eliminates the need for repeated referral to the chart for routine information A Carded is a written form that contains basic client information. A Carded contains an activity and treatment section and a nursing care plan section that organizes information for quick reference as nurses give change-of-shift report. It does not include a description of teaching that was provided to the client. Based on the institutional standards of nursing standards of nursing practice, are preprinted, established guidelines used to care for patients who have similar health problems. Useful when conducting quality improvement audits. Discharge Summary Form Interdisciplinary discharge planning ensures that a patient leaves the hospital in a timely manner with the necessary resources. Discharge documentation includes medications, diets, community resources, follow-up care, and who to contact in case of an emergency or for questions. Acuity records Not part of a patients medical record. They are used for determining the hours of care and the staff required for a given group of patients. Home care documentation Documentation in the home care system is different from other areas I nursing Home care documentation systems provide the entire HOC with information needed to enhance teamwork. Documentation is both the quality of control and the Justification for reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance companies. Nurses must document all of their services for payment (ex. Direct skilled care, patient instructions, skilled observations, and evaluation visits) Long Term Health Care The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services guidelines requires careful documentation for appropriate reimbursement in long term care agencies. The Resident Assessment Instrument/Minimal Data Set provides standardized protocols for assessment and care planning and a min data set to promote quality improvement within facilities. Reporting Hand off Reporting Happens anytime one healthcare provider transfers care of a patient to another healthcare provider. Purpose is to provide better continuity and individualized care for patients. Ex. Change-of-shift and transfer reports Information during apt. Anodal can be given face to face, in writing, or verbally such as over the telephone or via audio-recording Report elements do not include: normal findings or routine information retrievable from other sources or derogatory or inappropriate comments about a apt. Or family. Telephone Reports and Order Telephone Reports: make a telephone report when significant events or changes in a apt. Condition have occurred. Needs to be clear, accurate, and concise information. Use SABA: Standardizes telephone communication of significant events or changes in patients and is a communication strategy designed to improve apt. Safety Document EVERY phone call you make to a health care provider and use the read back method when receiving information or critical test results. Telephone and Verbal Order Telephone Orders: occurs when a healthcare provider gives an order over the phone to a RAN Verbal Order: involves the healthcare provider giving orders to a nurse while they are standing near each other. Usually occur at night during emergencies (cause medical errors) Nurse: writes down the complete order or enters it into the computer as it is being given. Then reads back and waits for confirmation from the person who gave the order that it is correct Healthcare Provider: later verifies the TO or VOW by legally signing it within a set time. Incident or Occurrence Reports Any event that is not consistent with the routine operation of a health care unit or systems and unit operations that provide Justification for changes in policies and procedures or for in-services seminars. DO NOT mention the incidence report in patients medical record Instead you document an objective description of what happened, what you observed, and the follow-up actions taken in the patients deiced record. Health Informatics Application of computer and information science for managing health-related data Focused on the patient and the process of care and the goal is to enhance the quality and efficiency of care provided. Becoming a priority as health care facilities adopt EMMER/HER Nursing Informatics (See Slides 20-24 in Power point) Facilitates the integration of data, information, and knowledge to support patients, nurses, and other providers in decision-making in all roles and settings. Clinical Information Systems CICS: Include monitoring systems (devices that automatically monitor and record metric measurements (vital signs, oxygen saturation, cardiac index, and stroke volume)) order entry systems, and laboratory, radiology, and pharmacy systems in critical care and specialty areas. Electronically sends measurements directly to the nursing documentation system Computerized provider order entry A process by which a health care provider directly enters orders for patient care into the hospital information system Reduces transcription errors. Potentially speeds up the implementation of ordered diagnostic tests and treatments which improves staff productivity and saves money

€œWe see and understand things not as they are but as we Essay

â‚ ¬Ã…“We see and understand things not as they are but as we are.â‚ ¬Ã¯ ¿ ½ Discuss this claim in relation to at least two ways of knowing - Essay Example Empiricism is the theory that knowledge can only be gained from actual perceptions. It is an extension of the Aristotelian theory that human mind is a blank slate (or in Aristotle’s words – â€Å"Tabula Rasa†, an empty tablet) and only experience can bring in knowledge. This was later expounded in the 17th century by a number of philosophers like, Locke. As per this theory, only the sensory experiences allow us to understand the world. Soon it could be seen that experiences and sensations, by themselves, cannot explain most of the things like religion, philosophical concepts etc. It was therefore necessary to add an element of inductive inference from the actual sensory perception to convert it into knowledge. This is, by definition, a deviation from the pure empiricism as the inductive inference that a human being makes is dependent on the habits and beliefs of the person in question. Knowledge thus ceases to be an absolute entity anymore and is dependent on the person acquiring the belief. Rationalism states that reason is the fundamental building block of our knowledge. It does not ignore the physical sensory perceptions but argues that the reason in the human mind is responsible for co-relating the events into knowledge. The most famous exponent of this theory was Rene Descartes. His â€Å"cogito ergo sum† or â€Å"I think, therefore I am† is probably the simplest definition of rationalism – where the process of thinking of an individual becomes the keystone of his knowledge. As Babich and Cohen tells us in regard to Descartes that â€Å"because he assumes that the intellect is naturally the same in all humans, everyone can participate in this knowledge if they can think† (Babich and Cohen, p.53). Rationalism is based on certain specific concepts like the intuition/ deduction theory, the innate knowledge theory and the innate concept theory. The intuition/ deduction theory tells us that knowledge